Ethical Issues in India Essay

For Subject Business Ethics and Corporate Governance 2G Spectrum Scam We have had various tricks in India; yet none greater than the trick including the way toward distributing bound together access administration licenses. †¢It is Rs.1.76-lakh crore worth of trick. The sum is around 2% of national GDP or 1/3 of current expense income of India. It is additionally equivalents to yearly salary of telecom administration part. †¢The previous Telecom serve A Raja who as indicated by the CAG, has sidestepped standards at each level as he completed the questionable 2G permit grants in 2008 at an expendable value which were pegged at 2001 costs. Recipients: Dependence Communication purportedly had stake 10.7% of in swan telecom.But as per rule a telecom administrator can't possess over 10% stake in another telecom administrator organization operatingâ inâ sameâ area. Unitech had no involvement with telecom part yet as per rule the permit ought to be given to the individuals who have involvement with telecom division. They got permit for discard cost of Rs. 1661 crore. It offered its 60% stake to Telenor at Rs. 6200 crore. Swan Telecom got permit for Rs. 1500 Crore.it offered 45% stake to UAE based Etisalat at Rs. 9800â crore. Swan Telecom had no experience in telecom sector. Different recipients incorporate Datcom arrangement, Loop Telecom, Tata teleservice, STel ltd, Idea cell and zest correspondence. Moral issues: With episode of 2G trick following moral issues with respect to Government, Regulatory bodies, Media and industry came into bleeding edge. Administration: Soul of aggregate duty not conserved. Seemed like return to the permit raj period. Guideline: Toothless with just warning forces. Deficient labor intensifies the situation Appointment procedure help strife of interests Proper decentralization of forces and usage of existing principles may have forestalled this trick. Media ought to comprehend its obligation towards individuals of India. Sufficient force and assets should make accessible to administrative bodies. Republic Games Fraud The Delhi Common Wealth Games (CWG) examinations by Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) uncovered inconsistencies and fake practices received by the association board of trustees members. The assessed figure for misappropriation of assets is Rs 8000 crore (Rs 80,000 million). The examinations have as of late initiated and the issues announced are as per the following. †¢ Buy contracts marked with shifting rates for a similar item †¢Prices over-expanded in certain agreements †¢Contracts given to family members and companions †¢Sub-standard items bought †¢Vendor installments made without affirming quality and conveyance †¢Payments made to non-existent merchants The association board of trustees individuals overlooked the Prevention of Corruption Act and government methodology for agreements and tenders. Moral issues: From the point of view of buying process, the accompanying moral issues are obvious: †¢ Ill-advised and lacking seller determination and assessment methods were followed. †¢Conflict of intrigue was not uncovered while marking contracts with related gatherings. †¢Tenders were not given to bidders providing most reduced cost estimate of the item. †¢Vendors didn't convey the contracted quality and amount according to the conveyance plan. †¢Vendors were not punished for inadequate quality or late conveyance. †¢Vendor installments were not connected to conveyance of items or finish of expectations. †¢There was no isolation of obligations. Similar authorities approved the agreement and affirmed installments. A free assessment of agreements by chance chiefs may have forestalled misappropriation of assets. An occasional review by government offices could have featured these issues at a prior stage. As Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) bunch is required to direct intermittent reviews of all administration costs, it is astounding that these issues were not found before. This plainly shows miss-use of open assets. Adarsh Scam A tall structure is worked in Colaba territory of mumbai only nearby grounds of Indian naval force, presently according to naval force this structure is security danger for its advantages and according to law it is illicit to manufacture such structures close to safeguard land. Presently another issue is that the land on which the Adarasha society ( building) has been constructed is apportioned for migration of groups of Kargil war Martyrs. be that as it may, thing happened is that the general public was allowed authorization under name of Kargil war legends and the greater part of the pads were designated to family members of maharashtra clergymen Presently from looking to a realities it gives impression that greatest offenders in this trick are clergymen of maharashtra who endorsed the consent, civil servants who had adequate cash to buy pads in the general public on the name of their family members, So by and large looking trick is aftereffect of joint Venture of administration and legislators of Maharashtra. Moral issues: †¢Why complaint is taken after culmination of building and not during the structure was being manufactured? †¢Power to give land at limited rate ought to be increasingly straightforward. Government ought to acquire more straightforwardness procedure of giving area at limited rate. They should screen in the case of lodging social orders or associations are keeping rule appropriate to them. ‘Adarsh scam’ in Pune Subtleties of another land trick have surfaced from Pune in which high positioning armed force, police, common, transport and urban land division authorities had joined to get houses in what was intended to be a resistance society. Archives possessing TIMES NOW demonstrate that Defense Personnel Housing Society (DPCHS), which should house Kargil war widows, has unlawfully been auctions off to administrators. The rundown of allottees in this general public likewise incorporates the individual secretaries of previous Maharashtra Chief Minister Vilasrao Deshmukh and Narayan Rane. The DPCHS, which was framed by guard work force, had applied to the locale gatherer for allocation of land for a lodging society in 2003. Accordingly, the legislature had dispensed 1.86 hectares in Lohegaon. In 2003 the general public was alloted the land which was intended for Kargil war widows. Notwithstanding, in 2010 the general public recorded a new rundown of allottees 100 of which included officials. The Pune authority has gotten serious about the general public and requested an investigation into the anomalies. Moral issues: †¢The DPCHS was fromed for protection staff. At present it has 200 individuals. Almost 50 percent of the individuals are workers at different government offices. †¢Power to give land at limited rate ought to be progressively straightforward. Government ought to get more straightforwardness procedure of giving area at limited rate. They should screen in the case of lodging social orders or associations are keeping rule appropriate to them. The credit trick The financial offenses wing of the Central Bureau of Investigation on uncovered a significant phony lodging credit racket and captured eight authorities from different counts on unite charges. CBI captured CEO of LIC Housing Finance Ramachandran Nair and seven others senior brokers regarding a lodging money racket. Aside from Nair, those captured are Naresh K Chopra, Secretary (Investment), LIC, R N Tayal, General Manager of Bank of India (Delhi), Maninder Singh Johar, Director (Chartered Accountant) of Central Bank of India, Venkoba Gujjal and Dy General Manager of Punjab National Bank (Delhi). Rajesh Sharma, CMD of Mumbai based firm Money Matters Ltd and two of its representatives Suresh Gattani and Sanjay Sharma were among those captured. The bank authorities purportedly connived with the firm to endorse huge scope corporate advances, abrogating required conditions for such endorsements alongside different anomalies. The Finance Ministry said it would investigate the chance of organizing a departmental investigation into the lodging fund racket that prompted capture of senior authorities of the LIC Housing Finance and open division banks. The CBI has claimed that Naresh Chopra, secretary (venture) LIC, had guaranteed Rajesh Sharma of Money Matters that he would â€Å"disfavour the proposition of DB Realty, which had moved toward it for a credit through some other agent.† Subsequently , DB Realty drew nearer Cash Matters and got a credit worth Rs 200 crore authorized and dispensed inside four months. Moral issues: †¢Role of go-betweens, for example, cash matters is dubious in whole trick. †¢Too much force in the possession of a not very many. There ought to be more noteworthy straightforwardness in giving credit by budgetary foundations. there is have to demolish such rackets in money related organizations and banks. Air India charged twofold toll to safeguard Indians in Egypt. The 320 Indians who were emptied on the extraordinary Air India (AI) flight needed to pay more than twofold the expense of a solitary ticket from Cairo to Mumbai. A single direction ticket in this division midpoints at Rs 17,000-20,000, yet abandoned voyagers said they needed to pay Rs 45,000 preceding they were guaranteed of a seat on the AI 160 trip to Mumbai. For a couple of individuals, the charge was as high as Rs 55,000. Sightseers and honeymooners, a significant number of whom were on a careful spending plan and didn't approach prompt assets, were the most exceedingly awful hit. Numerous fliers whined that they needed to pay money on the spot to have the option to obtain a flight ticket. Computer based intelligence flight was a shelter in light of the fact that our previous flight had been dropped. Be that as it may, they needed to pay twofold cash on the spot to jump on the plane. Toward the finish of a vacation, a great many people don't have such a lot of money close by. Moral issues: †¢AI exploited Emergency circumstance. †¢Air India ought to comprehend the obligation towards Indians. There ought to be straightforwardness in passage of aircrafts particularly during time of crisis. Rs.300 Crore Citibank Fraud Mr. Shivraj Puri, a worker of Gurgoan branch had directed of cash from 40 high networth speculators (HNI) adding up to Rs 400 crore. Mr.

Bandura Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Bandura - Essay Example Bandura has given a system to the comprehension of conduct of people through his social learning hypothesis, which has as of late been renamed as the social intellectual hypothesis. Bandura plainly recommends that human conduct is found out, and that this learning procedure is through perception. This procedure of human learning can be found in his own words â€Å"Of the numerous signs that impact conduct, anytime, none is more typical than the activities of others†. (Bandura, 1986, p.206). The social intellectual hypothesis clarifies clear conduct showed by a person as far as the persuasive variables and the self-administrative systems associated with the conduct of the person. This hypothesis suggests that human conduct is a consequence of a learning procedure. This getting the hang of as per the hypothesis is called observational learning. This learning procedure need not be simply the outcome encounters, yet through vicarious learning, by watching the conduct of others, and the results of their conduct. This emphasis on learning through perception is the extraordinary and particular component of Bandura’s hypothesis. As indicated by Bandura most human conduct is the aftereffect of learning through model either deliberately or coincidentally, and afterward designing conduct on what has been realized. The benefit of this learning procedure is that pointless blunders are wiped out. The quality of Bandura’s hypothesis is that it is established on perceptio ns made, has been demonstrated through target tries different things with kids. A considerable lot of the kids standards of conduct impersonate those of their folks, and is the consequence of watched learning of the personal conduct standards of the guardians and the advantages that it offers. Bandura proposes that there are four segment forms that demonstration inside the onlooker at the hour of presentation to a model of conduct. The underlying part is the attentional procedure. Except if consideration is paid by the subject to the model observational learning doesn't happen, and

Heroin and Alcohol Consumption

Heroin and Alcohol Consumption Addiction Drug Use Heroin Print Heroin and Alcohol Consumption By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on July 22, 2019 MedicImage/Universal Images Group/Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Heroin Cocaine Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Heroin is an opiate processed from morphine extracted from the seed pods of certain varieties of poppy plants. It is an illegal and highly addictive drug  sometimes cut with other powder, including sugar, starch, powdered milk or quinine, to increase volume, which helps the person selling it make more money. Between 2000 and 2014 the death rate from drug overdoses in the United States increased 137 percent and there was a 200 percent increase in the rate of overdose deaths involving opioid pain relievers and heroin, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pure and Black Tar Heroin In the United States today, you can buy two types of heroin: pure heroin and black tar heroin. Pure heroin comes from South America and Southeast Asia and is a white powder with a bitter taste. Most of the heroin sold in the eastern United States is this form of heroin. Black tar heroin  comes from Mexico and is sold mainly in the states west of the Mississippi River. It is typically sticky like roofing tar or hard like coal and gets its dark color from the processing, which leaves behind impurities. Injected, Snorted and Smoked A user injects, snorts or smokes heroin to get their fix. All methods deliver this drug to the brain quickly. For black tar heroin, the user usually dissolves and dilutes, then injects it. Heroin in its powder form, on the other hand, can be more desirable to new users not ready to begin  injection drug use  because you can snort it. You can smoke either kind. How Heroin Affects the Brain Once heroin enters your brain, the body converts it back to morphine and it binds to opioid receptors, located in many areas of your brain and body.  The changes heroin causes in your brain causes its high risk for addiction and the chronic relapsing that may follow after treatment.   Long-term effects of heroin addiction on the brain include: tolerance - over time you will need more of the drug to achieve the same effectdependence - you need to use heroin do prevent withdrawal symptomspossible deterioration of the brains white matter, which affects your ability to make decisions, regulate behavior and appropriately respond to stressful situations Alcohol and Heroin Is a Deadly Combo A person who overdoses is likely to be under the influence of more than one substance. In fact, the Drug Abuse Warning network warns that in overdose cases the patient has typically has an average of 2.7 drugs in their system.   A combination of alcohol and heroin is especially dangerous  because both substances suppress your ability to breathe. If you cant breathe properly, the lack of oxygen can cause hypoxia, which can result  in short- and long-term effects, including coma and permanent brain damage. Respiratory failure is the overwhelming cause of overdose deaths. Effects of Heroin Treatment on Alcohol Consumption Drinking alcohol is a suggested risk factor for heroin addiction. When an addict goes into treatment, either  methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) or  heroin-assisted treatment (HAT) their alcohol consumption goes down too, according to a study published in the journal Alcohol. Researchers found the HAT patients had a greater reduction in alcohol consumption.

The Theory Of Child Labour - 1398 Words

The tem â€Å"Child Labour† is often defined as work that deprives children from their childhood, their potential and their dignity and that is harmful to physical and mental development. It is serious and extensive problem with many children under the age of 14 years. Children living in poorest household and in rural areas are mostly likely to be engaged in child labour. Children have worked for as long as families have needed all hands to pitch in. Beyond defining work as a means of survival, defining what work is appropriate for children and what to do about inappropriate work involves more complex judgments especially for firms doing business in the global economy.Child labor is linked to global business directly and more commonly, indirectly. Critics blame increased trade and financial flows for increased child labor, and those criticisms have undermined the legitimacy of further trade and financial liberalization. Statistics of child lobour: According to statistics there are 250 million children working and many of them full time. 120 million of these children exposed to hazardous forms of child labour. 68 Countries have been marked under â€Å"extreme risk† for child. Bangladesh, India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Chad, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Mayanmar, Liberia, Sudan, Somalia and Zimbabwe to form the 12 countries at the bottom of ranking who scored 0.00 for possibility to remove child labour, whereas China scored 0.02 and ranking number 13th.Child labour is found in agricultural sectorShow MoreRelatedThe Epidemic Of Child Labour1522 Words   |  7 Pagesprevalence of child labour is a blot on society. It is a national disgrace that millions of children in this country have to spend a major part of their daily routine in hazardous works. The problem of child labour in India is the result of traditional attitudes, urbanisation, industrialisation, migration, lack of education, etc. However, extreme poverty is the main cause of child labour. However, this miracle idea falls short after identifying the brutal cons that develop along with Child Labour. YouthRead MoreIKEA Global Sourcing Challenge: Indian Rugs and Child Labor1176 Words   |  5 PagesProposal Case: IKEA Global Sourcing Challenge: Indian Rugs and Child Labor Summary In this case, it is known that IKEA s procurement model is the mode of global sourcing. IKEA products are shipped to the 26 distribution centres from the trade area after procurement, and then delivered to the shopping malls in the world. IKEA s procurement philosophy and assessment of suppliers mainly include four aspects: continuous price improvement; strict supplier performance and service levels;Read MoreSocial Construction Of Childhood Essay770 Words   |  4 Pagessocial construction of childhood. To me social construction can be a form of a culture, education and guidance to our society. Theories can provide some common grounds for people. This is especially truth in a multicultural country. Theories guide people to work together, help each other accomplish similar goals and develop similar culture. With some words, theories links people together even though they might have come from two different ends of the world. Children at school might get along betterRead MoreThe Position Of Cultural Relativism1476 Words   |  6 Pagessocially constructed and therefore specific to time, place, nation and culture†, it could be argued by an Australian Manager that, if in conjunction with local law and customs in the country of origin, it is okay to use child labour (textbook). Take for example, Bolivia, where child labour is â€Å"engrained† into their culture. In 2014, legislation was approved by government that lowered the legal working age of children from fourteen years of age to ten. This allowed children above the age of 10 to becomeRead MoreDurkheim s Theory Of Social Facts1741 Words   |  7 Pages One of the central premises of Durkheim s theory is grounded in the concept of social facts. According to Durkheim, social facts are, â€Å"ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that are external to individuals and exerts control over them.† Essentially, these social facts are external to an individual and exists independently of a single person. These social facts exist in the networks of interaction between people, making them harder to notice, until a person goes against them at which point theyRead MoreKarl Marx s Theory Of Alienation Essay1686 Words   |  7 Pageseconomic problems and related these matters to social issues. For example, when Marx examined capitalism in the labour sector he came to the conclusion that it drove workers to feel alienated from the product, themselves and those surrounding them. This essay will firstly give a brief overview of industrial capitalism and discuss Karl Marx’s early life and how he came up with the theory of alienation thr ough his influences and life experiences. Secondly, it shall comment on the four dimensions ofRead MoreEvaluating the View that Poverty is Caused by Economic Inequality Rather than Cultural Attitudes and Lifestyles1327 Words   |  6 Pages breaking out of this situation. There are many theories regarding the structural factors such as economic inequality. Sociologists state that in all society the least powerful groups are the most likely to lose out economically and socially and they will therefore make up the majority of the poor. This is a Weberian approach and Peter Townsend stated that poverty is part of the class inequality created by the labour market in capitalist economies. He argued that mostRead MoreChild Labour and its Effects on Children and Their Families1720 Words   |  7 PagesFor the purpose of this essay, Britain will be concentrated on to discover the historical approach to child labour along with compulsory schooling, plus the effects this had on the lives of children and their families. The last two hundred years from the 1800’s to 2000 are explored to recognize the issues surrounding prolonging childhood in mainly Britain. It was here child labour was initially recognised in factories, mills and mines in the early nineteenth century. This essay will demonstrate theRead MoreHow Work Affects Family Life2310 Words   |  6 Pagesthe labour force. This poses a great change to family life, and many parents are working a double day. They have their regular full time jobs where they earn an income, and then they have to come home to more work such as cooking, cleaning and grocery shopping. Like all systems and in teractions, conflict arises between work and family issues. This issue causes conflict for every member of the family, and they need to discover ways to resolve this conflict. According to the feminist theory, genderRead MoreThe University Of Business Administration1446 Words   |  6 Pagesstudents questioned belonged to Karachi. The sample for labour market organizations consisted of seven people, majority of them were lead organizers/supervisors based in Karachi. Two sampling methods used in this research paper are Snowball sampling and Convenience sampling. Convenience sampling was used for interviews from youth belonging to the labour market of Karachi. However, interviews with organization’s members in Karachi’s labour market were accompanied via snowball sampling. The themes

Morphological Use as an Indicator of Reading Disability...

Introduction Children with reading disabilities differ from children that read typically in their use of morphological forms. This view has been supported by multiple studies that review the relationship between reading and morphology (Carlisle, J., Stone, C. 2005; Nagy, W., Berninger, V., Abbott, R. 2006; Reed, D. 2008; Kuo, L. Anderson, R. 2006). Morphology has been linked to reading ability, as has phonology, for many years. Traditionally reading ability, or disability, is detected by the student’s strength with phonology(Crisp, J. Lambon Ralph, M. 2006; Marshall, C. van der Lely, H. 2007;), yet many recent studies have indicated that morphological awareness can play a key role in the detection and intervention of reading†¦show more content†¦Another name for this is derivational morphology, which is linked with reading comprehension. The link between reading and morphology has been well established. Nagy, Berninger, and Abbott found that derivational Morphology is an important and unique factor of learning to read (2006). Understanding complex words depends greatly on understanding the word parts (Nagy, W., Berninger, V., Abbott, R. 2006). For instance, â€Å"disagreement† is more easily decoded if a child already knows the word agree, that the prefix dis- makes it negative, and that the suffix –ment makes it a noun. In their experiment, they evaluated 607 students, from fourth to ninth grade on their morphological knowledge, phonological ability, reading ability, and spelling. The researchers then compared the measures of phonological ability and morphological awareness to the literacy measures. They also compared the phonological and morphological measures to each other. They found that morphological awareness uniquely contributed to reading comprehension, vocabulary, and spelling for all the grade levels evaluated. Their findings suggested that this connection was even stronger in the eighth and ninth grade students that they studied. Another study that shows a connection between morphology and reading ability is the research of Deacon, Parrila, and Kirby (2006). In their study of adults with high functioning dyslexia they found that while adults with normal readingShow MoreRelatedTeaching Reading Is Rocket Science13428 Words   |  54 PagesTeaching Reading Is Rocket Science What Expert Teachers of Reading Should Know and Be Able To Do The most fundamental responsibility of schools is teaching students to read. Teaching Reading Is Rocket Science What Expert Teachers of Reading Should Know and Be Able To Do June 1999 Author note: This paper was prepared for the American Federation of Teachers by Louisa C. Moats, project director, Washington D.C. site of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)Read MoreSupporting the Development of English Literacy in English Language Learners22851 Words   |  92 Pagesstudents in U.S. schools, increasing from 6% in 1970 to 16% in 1995 and 19% in 1997 (Ruiz de Velasco Fix, 2000). While their numbers have increased, English language learners (ELLs) lag significantly behind their fluent English-speaking peers in reading. For example, in California, ELLs participating in statemandated standardized testing performed worse at all grade levels and were substantially more likely to score below the nationally ranked 25th percentile. In addition, ELLs are substantiallyRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagespermission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retriev al system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish their products

Business Plan for Toy Shop Free Essays

BUSIENSS PLAN FOR TOY SHOP BUSINESS PLAN KIDZONE TOY STORE Submitted by: Ajit Mangarulkar Vishwanath Patil Piyush Borde Kunal Dalal Yogendra Bhosale Rahul Tayade Overview of the Industry INTRODUCTION The toy industry mainly concentrated in and around the metropolitan cities of New Delhi and Mumbai in India, is characterized by small-scale establishments. Of late, the toy industry has been internationalized. The application of new materials and technologies have added value to the variety of the toys. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Plan for Toy Shop or any similar topic only for you Order Now Today, the use of toys is unlimited. They are used for decorations by adults and for education play by children. Toys are also being used for entertainment and child development. Plastic toys, along with soft toys (mainly dolls) and board games, make up about 80% of the Indian market in value terms. The change that is discernible is the decline in Importance of board games (other than puzzles), which involve play by a group of children. Those in the trade argue that, with smaller family size today and the growing incidence of both parents working, there is little scope for board games, which families used to traditionally play together. The emphasis these days is much more on toys, with which a child can play on his/her own. Market Dynamics of the Indian Toy Trade The Indian toy market exhibits some of the characteristics common to any toy market while others have uniquely the Indian character. Individual toys have a short life cycle. There is a constant need for novelty. Consumer tastes change rapidly. Resurrection of old toys does not work – a new content has to be added or altered. These rules, in general, apply to most toy markets internationally. In addition, the Indian market has its own angularities. Toy sales in India have well defined seasonal patterns coinciding with the festival season. Generally, the time period from July to November is the high season with temporary surges in some States in December March. Toy selling in India often involves selling to 3 individuals simultaneously, namely the child, who will use the toy, the mother, who is concerned with safety, space to play, etc. and the father who controls the purse strings. The market is also highly price sensitive. This trend has been reinforced by the entry of large-scale imports of cheap and novel toys from China. These have mostly been unbranded, of low priced and indifferent quality toys. The past decade has seen the Indian toy industry making quick strides in terms of production and exports. At present, India produces a wide range of toys, namely plastic and mechanical activity toys, plastic and soft dolls, stuffed toys, board games, puzzles, educational games and toys, metal toys, electronic toys and games. It is estimated that the toy production in India is around INR 5. 50 billion in the organized sector and INR 12. 50 billion in the unorganized sector with nearly 20% annual average growth rate. There are more than 3000 units in the small-scale sector including large number of units in the cottage sector. Some large/MNCs’ toy units like the Mattel, Lego and Funskool are also present in India. With international quality toys available in India now, the average spending on toys has increased substantially and this process is supported by an increase in disposable income at the customer end. Introduction â€Å"To every child, presenting a toy creates a special attachment between the two. † We intend to satisfy the needs of the children mainly aged below 10yrs. y having an â€Å"KIDZONE† as a part of organized retail, catering to almost all the trifling requirements of kids. Service will be one of our main focus areas wherein we intend to have a â€Å"play n feel the toys† zone attracting the kids to enjoy with toys. This facility will give a real feeling of amusement to children, hence attracting the kids and parents towards it. Thereafter we will al so provide a babysitting facility for parents shopping throughout the mall and in the meantime the trifling needs of babies will be taken care of. Secondly, we will focus on disintermediation of procurement channel by directly sourcing the finished products from the toy manufacturers mainly from China other manufacturers from India. Most importantly we are looking forward to revolutionize the toy industry by having merged quality with fun wherein all the safety issues would be taken care ensuring the source of playfulness not becoming a hysterical item. Above all our long term goal is to make our retail outlets as a brand name well recognized in toy industry and increase the organized retail market share in toys segment. Management Team Vishwanath Patil – Ajit Mangarulkar – Piyush Borde – Yogendra Bhosale – Kunal Dalal – Marketing Plan SWOT Analysis Strengths: Our business would impart touch feel factor to the child We would impart child caring facility in our store where the parents can leave their child and go for shopping which will in turn lead to sales by having child for more hours in shops can be addicted or fascinated to any of the toy Large Growing Population (Market Size data to found out) – Age group between 0-8 years Maximum Loyalty towards shop Demonstration Effect Higher Margins due to large imports from China, Hong Kong other countries Wide range of products to choose Fewer bargains for the products Increase in disposable income of middle class Weakness Emotional attachment towards toy which leads to non repetitive buying Price sensitivity market Safety Issue in terms of lead contain, sharpness of toys etc Individual toy have shorter life cycle consumer taste changes rapidly Opportunity Untapped organized sector which consists of only 10% of total toy industry. Better support from government Demand for Educational toy in the market Threats Due to large expansion of Mall Culture, there is increase in competition from the players Big Fish with deep pockets will able to sell products at competitive price (Entry of global brands) Marketing Mix The marketing mix is often summarized as the four P’s – Product, Price, Place and Promotion. Product The type of product that would be placed in the store will be dependent on the age group. During the initial period the store would cater to age group of from the day child is born to 8 years. The later as the store expands and capital is generated the store would cater to toys catering to people with age more than 8 years and toys for adult. The product that will be defined within age group is as follows 0-24 months: Teethers, squeaks, Tomy, balls, soft toys, baby education toys and others. Photos of some of products are given below. 2 years to 4 years: puzzles, cars, Helicopters Photos of some of products are shown below 4years to 6 years: Magic tricks, electronic cars and helicopters, electronic gadgets and toys of film stars and other famous personality, famous cartoon character, Barbie others. Photos of some of products are shown below: 6years to 8 years: Tricycles, Bicycles, and other ride on toys. Apart from that the musical toys and electrical operated toys will also be placed in the shelves 8 years to 10 years: Board room games, chess and other family games would be the major attraction The stuffed toys and Plush toys would be all time major attraction towards the customers. The above mentioned is only a part of whole list of offerings offered by the store. The main unique selling proposition would be the Indian touch in toys. We will also try to procure the toys of famous personalities –all time legends like Shahrukh Khan from film industry, Dhirubhai Ambani from business,  Narayan Karthikeyan from F1 racing like all the famous personalities in their respective fields will be incorporated as toys. The toys projected in any of Bollywood and Hollywood industry will also be major attraction for the customers. We will try to innovate and help suppliers to also make customized product if possible and thereby increasing the revenues. The key to business will be continuous innovation in all product ranges. Price: The price of the product sell in the shop will depend on the sourcing and also the total cost of procurement. In the initial years of opening of shop we will not be having competitive pricing but the prices would be at par with other competitors in the market. After years of experience in the business and due to strong hold with the suppliers, we will be having a bargaining power with the suppliers and will try to sell product at lower prices compared to competitor. We will be having Lowest Prices in the Town in one of product everyday to attract as many customers as possible. Moreover the product would be selling at par with our costing, so we won’t be able to generate from the product sold at lowest prices. The whole list of prices with the name of the product is attached in the annexure 8. Place: The majority of the product would be procured from China and also some of the product would be procured from India itself. The main source from India would be Chennai, Noida and Mumbai. The sourcing from China would be in terms of imports via sea route. The cost of procuring of the product is already been included in the financials. The time for procurement of goods would be taking near around 28 days from the day of placing of order from China and the procurement from Chennai or Noida will take maximum four days and from Mumbai it would take one day lead time. The toys would be stock in the store itself; there won’t be any special storage place or another location of the toys. The toys would be readily available to the customers on demand if stock is available. Promotion: The less effort would be required in terms of promotion as the store will be located in Thane East But still promotion will be required to create a buzz in the city which would be carried out be two means. 1) Print Ads in local newspaper. As maximum people in Maharashtra are habituated of reading of local newspaper, so the ads would be given in local newspaper on repetitive basis. The ads will also be given in other non local newspaper but frequency of ads would differ in both the cases. 2) Advertisement would be carried out in radio stations. Continuous announcement would be given in all leading radio stations like Radio Mirchi and Big FM. ) Distributions of pamphlets would also be one of the marketing strategies for carrying out promotion. As in the initial period it is not possible to be present in all the malls, so distribution of pamphlets in all the malls will be carried out on weekly basis. 4) All this promotion will in turn lead to Word of mouth marketing 5) In later stages o f business the viral marketing will also be carried out. OPERATION PLAN Location The location selected for opening an outlet is THANE (Maharashtra). Thane is the largest city in the state of Maharashtra and the The city is witnessing a major construction boom and population increase. A rising centre of education, information technology and scientific industries, Thane remains the cultural and commercial heart of Maharashtra, and much of western India. The main reason behind selection of this city is the city is developing stage we witness tremendous opportunity in the coming years. The real estate boom will be going to come in the city so we don’t won’t to miss the opportunity to be there within couple of years. The reason for selection of the city is its proximity to MUMBAI. The proximity to the city will help in reducing the transportation cost and increasing overall efficiency and savings in operations. Type of Building The location of the shop would be in the shop in Thane (East). Amount of Space The amount of space needed would be around 2000 sq feet of area which would be more or less compared to any retail chains. The amount of space needed would be targeted in malls in the basement near around the entry of Reliance and Big Bazaar shops. We targeted the basement due to its cost effectiveness. The shop would be lease for 5 year period for the initial purpose and then if needed would be bought out. The general lease rental of the area in Thane (East) is around Rs. 30000 per month. Other Details The business hours of the shop would last from 10am to 10pm as major. We see the timings to be getting extended at weekends. Moreover the timing would be subjected to the change. Lead Time The main source of supplier would be from the Shantou in China and from Shanghai in China. The other supplier from India would be the Hanung toys in Noida, Mattel Inc. in Chennai and also the Funskool India Ltd in Chennai. The cost of transport of freight from China to India ranges from 428 USD to 600 USD depending on the date of ordering. The other cost of transportation from Mumbai to Thane would be around 2000 INR. The cost of procurement of consignment from Mumbai to Thane would be is 3000INR and from Delhi/Noida it is around 8000 INR. So the lead time if calculated to import from toys from China would be around one month and from procurement from India only it would take around one week from farthest place i. e. Chennai in India for procurement of toys. Sales Estimation Due to prime location of the shop in the malls we expect the sales to be reaching high in the weekends and also in the festivals. This figure comes from the fact that out of 15000 people visiting Thane East daily on an average, around 82% are parents and remaining are youth. So out of 82% of total population we average that around 35% of parents would be with child who comes for the shopping. As mentioned that we shall be a unique adventure in the shop as a playing area specially allotted for the kids to play with the toys which ever they want out of majority of samples placed in playing area. The other advantage is that the child would be taken care of specially trained employees and all this package would come for free. We expect the shopping time taken by any parents would be around 1 hour. So we provide facility for parents to leave their child to play in the shop and if they want they can buy the toy. We rely on the fact provided by the doctors that one hour is enough for a child up to 6 years to get addicted with the toy. Hence as a child gets addicted to play with the toy, they would force parents for purchase of same toy. We only expect 75 customers to get converted out of minimum 1500 people visiting per hour (which is around just 5% of total customers visited in the mall. ) The other occasion for increase in the sales would be the festivals and also the Valentine’s Day for the youth. The shop target customer is up to 14 years but due to presence of Splush toys and also teddies and fur toys which stand attraction for the youth, so we expect the sales to increase in valentine day. Personnel In order to manage the day to day operations we along with three partners have decided to keep the following personnel for smooth operations. In order to reduce our fixed expenses we have restricted ourselves to six employees in the initial three months of our operations. However with time and requirement we shall keep increasing the strength. Number of employees: * Store Facilitators-02 Store Manager-01 * Housekeeper-01 Financial Details Projected start up cost Projected start up cost| | Security Deposits Monthly RentSalary to StaffPurchase of ToysFurniture and StationaryReserved| 100000 30000 20000250000 50000 50000| Total Start Up Cost| 500000| Sources of Fund 50% fund from Partners50 % fund from State Bank of India| 250000250000| Total Fund Raised| 500000| Projected Balance Sheet Liabilities| Rs. | Assets| Rs. | Capital| 500000| Furniture ComputerStockCash DepositeCurrent assets| 50000 20000250000 50000100000 30000| Total | 500000| Total| 500000| How to cite Business Plan for Toy Shop, Essay examples

Social Marketing Communication Campaign

Question: Discuss about the Social Marketing Communication Campaign. Answer: Introduction: The Australian Road Safety Foundation is a non-profit organisation in Australia who strives to improve road safety awareness among the common public. The main goal of this organisation is to enhance driver education and bring the reduction in the impact of trauma caused due to road accidents. Improvement of road safety outcomes is the primary focus of the organisation that can be achieved through constant research and innovations. Educational programs are conducted for persuading policy makers for addressing road safety issues. The key areas of operation are advocacy, education and research (Hughes et al., 2015). According to World Health Organisation (2013) non-profit organisations that look after road safety help in developing a sustainable strategy for the reduction of economic and social costs of road accidents. Such organisations provide a platform for future advocacy programs through research. Support and help must, therefore, be provided to these organisations so that they can fulfil their objectives of bringing community development (Bahadorimonfared, 2013). Non-profit organisations incorporate practical solutions for addressing community issues by embracing innovations. The magnitudes of the issues are well understood by the organisations that go on to put a focus on solving the root-causes of the issues (Yannis et al., 2014). As opined by McIntosh and Howe (2014) a number of non-profit organisations have come forward to improve scenario of road accidents across the world. They provide effective and quality common services to agencies, departments and boards that have a shared objective. Different tools and aids are used for promotion of the social message. A number of factors work together for successful implementation of the campaigns (Ivers e al., 2014). Campaign focus The program would aim to discourage drink driving and reduce the incidence of road accidents due to drink driving. Drink driving would be discouraged by disseminating the case studies of accidents caused by drink driving and stories of individuals whose life has changed due to drink driving accidents in direct or indirect manner. A number of accidents are caused every year due to drink driving; however, the consequences are not known to everyone. Mortality rate is high in case of such accidents, and vehicle users, as well as pedestrian users, are victims of such careless driving (Curtis et al., 2016). People in the community have an understanding of the impact of drink driving, but there is a lack of accurate understanding of the implications of drink driving among the masses (Wilson et al., 2016). Informing the potential drink drivers about the definite case studies that have led to a number of drastic aftermaths would, therefore, be beneficial in order to change the mindset of the people. Chances lie that individuals would develop an awareness of the impact of drink driving when they come to know about the true stories of people who have been impacted due to drink driving. Their feelings, viewpoints and thoughts hold the potential to make a mark on the minds of people, thereby restraining them from drinking and driving. SWOT analysis A Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis is to be conducted for determining the current effectiveness of the non-profit organisation and the possibility for development regarding initiatives for reducing drink driving. Strength- Australian Road Safety Foundation has effective communication with key stakeholders in the community, and therefore the relationship between the organisation and the stakeholders is strong and noteworthy. The organisation is involved in collaborative initiatives for alcohol-impaired driving. The Acts and policies of road safety are adequately followed by the organisation. There is a scope of creating new thought process among the public that encourages accountability for drinking and responsible alcohol consumption (Mitchell Dunlop, 2016). Weakness- The main weakness is the misconception that behavioural changes occur out of awareness. There is also a lack of substantial research on initiatives that are novel and innovation but have been proved to be effective in changing behaviours. Lack of comprehensive advancement to drink driving is also another issue. Traditional campaigns trying to incorporate fear among the public have not been successful in the recent years. Opportunities- the positive campaign can be created that has the focus on promoting leadership in a community. Women of age between 21 to 30 years can be targeted in this proposed initiative as this section of the community has not been addressed in the previous initiatives. Social media can be used for disseminating the case studies and stories that individuals have to share. Threats- It has been proved that the alcohol industry makes the women and youth its target with promotion campaigns that are effective. It is not sure that women would respond to the campaign. Initiatives for drink driving have been found to reach a point of saturation (Bazzo et al., 2017). Target market Since Australia has a culture of high alcohol intake, mostly in a younger population, the majority of the drink driving accidents have the involvement of individuals of the younger age group. Young adults have the tendency to drink with the clear intension of becoming intoxicated, and therefore accidents are common to occur (Fitts et al., 2016). Around 86% of Australians of the age 14 years and over have the tendency to drink one or more times in their lifetime. 37% Australians of age 14 and above drink alcohol on a weekly basis. 18% Australians above the age of 14 drinks to the extent that causes risk to them in some form or the other. 1 out of every 4 women has the tendency to drink while they are pregnant. Young Australians have their first drink at 15.7 years on average (druginfo.adf.org.au, 2017). The target market for the proposed initiative is, therefore, the younger adult population of the country. Since this is a social marketing strategy and there is no actual product to be sold, it is information that is to be promoted. The product is information on case studies of drink driving accidents and plights of the individuals suffering such accidents in a direct or indirect manner expressed in their own language. The actual product is the physical and tangible product associated with the marketing campaign (Hollensen, 2015). In the present case, it is the promotional materials given by the campaign. The core product is the overall benefit of the products (De Mooij, 2013). For the present case, it is the change in the behaviour of the people regarding drinking and their attitudes and beliefs towards drinking. Making the individuals who drink come in contact with the stories of lives of people being affected by drink driving would benefit the society by bringing a positive change in their drinking behaviour. They would be discouraged to drive after drinking or encouraged not to drink at all. The economic, social and health costs of drink driving would reduce significantly as the most important consequence of the change of behaviour. There would be a remarkable decrease in the mortality resulting from road accidents. Drink driving not only causes loss of lives but also the loss of properties. It is therefore implied that preventing drink driving would prevent the loss of properties to innocent individuals who fall victims of such careless behaviour (Hollensen, 2015). The marketing component of place as applied to this case is the locations where the promotions would take place (Armstrong et al., 2014). Various forms of media are to be used for disseminating the findings. For example, the proposed places of promotion would include online sites like YouTube, Twitter and Facebook. The rationale behind this is that the young age population have a growing connection with social networking sites (Kotler et al., 2014). The suggested places of putting forward the videos containing talks can include movie theatres. The reason for this is promotion based on the genre can effectively reach the target market. Besides, for reaching to the young population, places like college campuses and a university would also be made the target. A large section of the young population can thereby be addressed. Another effective way would be to send mails to the target audience as this method has the probability to come in contact with influencers of the target market, that is friends and family members. Other initiatives include direct communication with individuals affected by drink driving in shopping malls and movie theatres that would target mainly women (Armstrong et al., 2014). Promotion Social media would be vital in reaching to the primary as well as the secondary target market. A Facebook page can be created wherein the individuals coming forward to share their story can put up posts and any related images. Viral advertising can be considered as one of the prime means of reaching to the target audience. Videos need to be creative and exclusive in spreading the message. Different forms of online communication are effective in reaching out to the young generation. Advertisements can be brought to the desired population based on particular psychographics and demographics (Lee Kotler, 2015). Evaluation of effectiveness of message Since the promotional recommendations are multi-dimensional, a number of tools are to be used for evaluating the effectiveness of the message. The most prominent method would be to undertake a survey before and after the proposed campaign for testing the change in behaviour, attitude and beliefs in relation to drink driving. Surveys collected just after the promotion would highlight the success of the intervention. The overall success of the imparted message can be understood through reports of reduction of a number of driving charges and suspensions and accidents. The number of offences is to be monitored rigorously (Esser et al., 2016). Conclusion In this social marketing plan, the strategy involved recommendations for imparting knowledge among the public about the impact of drunk driving. The goal would be to make them have an encounter with the real-life stories of individuals affected by this devastating causal factor. It is desirable that promotional tactics are tailored in order to reach the target audience. It is expected that the proposed campaign would achieve the desired success. References Armstrong, G., Adam, S., Denize, S., Kotler, P. (2014).Principles of marketing. Pearson Australia. Bahadorimonfared, A., Soori, H., Mehrabi, Y., Delpisheh, A., Esmaili, A., Salehi, M., Bakhtiyari, M. (2013). Trends of fatal road traffic injuries in Iran (20042011).PloS one,8(5), e65198. Bazzo, S., Black, D., Mitchell, K., Marini, F., Moino, G., Riscica, P., Fattori, G. (2017). Too Young To Drink. An international communication campaign to raise public awareness of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.Public Health,142, 111-115. Curtis, A., Coomber, K., Hyder, S., Droste, N., Pennay, A., Jenkinson, R., ... Miller, P. G. (2016). Prevalence and correlates of drink driving within patrons of Australian night-time entertainment precincts.Accident Analysis Prevention,95, 187-191. De Mooij, M. (2013).Global marketing and advertising: Understanding cultural paradoxes. Sage Publications. Esser, M. B., Bao, J., Jernigan, D. H., Hyder, A. A. (2016). Evaluation of the evidence base for the alcohol industrys actions to reduce drink driving globally.Journal Information,106(4). Fitts, M. S., Palk, G. R., Lennon, A. J., Clough, A. R. (2016). The characteristics of young Indigenous drink drivers in Queensland, Australia.Traffic injury prevention, 1-7. Hollensen, S. (2015).Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Hughes, B. P., Anund, A., Falkmer, T. (2015). System theory and safety models in Swedish, UK, Dutch and Australian road safety strategies.Accident Analysis Prevention,74, 271-278. Ivers, R. Q., Nguyen, H. T., La, Q. N. (2014). Status of road safety and injury burden: Vietnam.Journal of orthopaedic trauma,28, S50-S51. Kotler, P., Keller, K. L., Ancarani, F., Costabile, M. (2014).Marketing management 14/e. Pearson. Lee, N. R., Kotler, P. (2015).Social marketing: Changing behaviors for good. Sage Publications. McIntosh, J. L., Howe, C. L. (2014, November). Road Safety Management in Australia: Building capacity through coordinated action. InAustralasian Road Safety Research Policing Education Conference, 2014, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Mitchell, J., Dunlop, A. (2016). Alcohol consumption: monitoring, regulation and impact on public health. Radaev, V. V., Kotelnikova, Z. V. (2016). Changes in Alcohol Consumption and Governmental Alcohol Policy in Russia.Economic Policy,5, 92-117. Statistics - Drug Prevention Alcohol Facts - DrugInfo. (2017).Druginfo.adf.org.au. Retrieved 25 January 2017, from https://www.druginfo.adf.org.au/topics/quick-statistics#alcohol Wilson, H., Sheehan, M., Palk, G., Watson, A. (2016). Self-efficacy, planning, and drink driving: Applying the health action process approach.Health psychology,35(7), 695. World Health Organization. Violence, Injury Prevention, World Health Organization. (2013).Global status report on road safety 2013: supporting a decade of action. World Health Organization. Yannis, G., Tira, M., Tiboni, M., Panea, L., Kiss, ., Trk, ., ... Vankov, B. (2014, April). Assessment of road safety legislation, policy and institutional capacity in South-East European regions. InTransport Research Arena (TRA) 5th Conference: Transport Solutions from Research to Deployment.

Budget Negotiations Essays - Taxation In The United States

Budget Negotiations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- In the midst of the current budget negotiations, there is one neglected question worth asking: what does the public really want? Tax cuts? Paying down the national debt? More spending? If so, more spending on what? The available polling data, analyzed in this report, helps answer these questions. Does the public want to cut taxes? All else equal, of course the public wants tax cuts. But in the real world, all else is generally not equal -- cutting taxes involves giving up something else that might be done with the government's resources. When the tradeoffs are made explicit, cutting taxes does not fare so well. Take, for example, a choice between tax cuts and spending the surplus on strengthening Medicare or Social Security. According to a March 1999 Fox News poll, 65% of the public prefers funding Medicare while only 25% would choose tax cuts. The sentiment on Social Security vs. tax cuts is even more lopsided: a July 1999 CNN/Time poll found 74% wanting to use the budget surplus to stabilize Social Security, compared to just 21% who preferred a tax cut. Even if Social Security and Medicare are taken off the table, the public still finds other uses of the surplus more compelling than tax cuts. In a July 1999 NBC/Wall Street Journal poll, 55% of the public preferred using that part of the surplus not dedicated to Social Security and Medicare for unmet needs, like education, health care, and national defense. Just 34% said they would award themselves a tax cut. Even more impressive, though, was that 69% of the public thought that, once Social Security was taken care of, additional monies should be spent on education, the environment, health care, crime-fighting, and military defense, compared to only 22% who thought that a tax cut was the proper use of the money (July 1999 Pew Center survey). -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Does the public want to pay down the debt? While the public believes paying down the national debt is a worthy goal, when it is stacked against other uses of the surplus, the public doesn't give it a high priority. For example, a January 1999 Pew Center poll asked people to choose among four uses of the surplus: paying down the debt, tax cuts, spending on domestic programs such as health and education, and making Social Security and Medicare financially sound.The result: a hefty 50% of the respondents chose helping Social Security and Medicare, 21% chose domestic programs, 14% chose tax cuts, and only 12% chose paying down the debt. Similarly, a February 1999 CBS/New York Times poll asked the public whether they preferred cutting income taxes, paying down the debt, or preserving Social Security and Medicare as uses of the surplus. A resounding 64% selected Social Security and Medicare, and only 14% expressed interest in paying down the debt. And cutting taxes - consistent with the discussion above - brought up the rear with a meager 12%. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Does the public want more spending? In a word, yes. Indeed, the only context in which they don't want more spending is when government programs are put forward in a vague and unspecified way as a use for the surplus. This is nicely illustrated by a July 1999 Pew Center poll that asked the public what they wanted to see done with the portion of the surplus not used to shore up the Social Security system. Did they want to see it devoted to a tax cut or to funding new (unspecified) government programs? By a wide 60% to 25% margin, the public declared themselves in favor of a tax cut. However, the same poll asked respondents whether they preferred a tax cut or spending on programs for, specifically, education, the environment, health care, crime-fighting, and military defense. The result: by an overwhelming 69% the public preferred spending; only 29% preferred tax cuts Music Essays

Amazon River Essays

Amazon River Essays Amazon River Essay Amazon River Essay Introduction: In our world there are lots of river in the world which have different importances, the Amazon River is the one. The Amazon River is the one of world highest levels of biodiversity. Running out to the South Africa there is the Amazon River and Amazon rainforest which are the 2nd largest river and the largest rainforest in the world. The Amazon River is also the largest drainage basin in the world. Because of its large dimensions, it also called  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The River Sea†. As one of the most extreme place on the earth this research will tell you about insight information and specific data of the Amazon River. 103 words Geographical location: The Amazon River is not the longest river in the world however, it pass through many countries in South America. Its tributaries flow through the countries of Peru, Bolivia, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Brazil before emptying into the Atlantic Ocean 6, 437 kilometres from the Amazons headwaters in the top of Andes Mountains of Peru. The length of the Amazon had been argued about which place the true source of the Amazon is. Nowadays, the satellite technology was helped researchers to calculate the river’s dimensions more accurately. The Brazil’s  National Institute for Space Research selected to use the southern channel and estuary as begin of measurement. Their final measurement for the length of the Amazon from Apacheta Creek which is the place that they decided to be the source of the river to the mouth of Marajo Bay was about 6,992 km(this fact may prove that Amazon is the longest river in the world). The Amazon Basin is the largest drainage basin in the world. It covers approximately 40 percent of South America around 7,050,000 square kilometres. It found just next to the Pacific Ocean. The Amazon River and forest is forested areas that become flooded every rainy season. Every year the water level rises more than 9 metres, flooding the surrounding forests called as flooded forests. In an average  dry season, 110,000 square kilometres of land are water-covered, while in the  wet season, the flooded area of the Amazon Basin rises to 350,000 square kilometres. The volume of water it carries from the Amazon River to the Atlantic Ocean is enormous: up to 300,000 cubic metres per second in the rainy season, with an average of 209,000 cubic metres per second from 1973 to 1990. The end of the Amazon River is the Atlantic Ocean (at Marajo Bay) 285 words History: Due to the fact that the flood in Amazon area is not a big event because Amazon is the largest drainage area in the world which made Amazon forests a flooded area every rainy season this have an effect on transporting system. In the past centuries, transporting system mostly use a boat to travel from place to place. Then, new age of transportation in Amazon area is started from 6 September, 1850 the emperor, Pedro II when he sanctioned the law authorizing steam navigation on the Amazon. This opened commerce on Para and Manaus, Manaus and Tabatinga, Para and Cameta, the Madeira, Purus and Negro with the steamboats. On 31 July 1867 the government of Brazil, pressed by countries encircling the  upper Amazon  basin, to open the water route every nations. The  mercantile  development associated with  steamboat  navigation, coupled with the internationally driven demand for  natural rubber  (1880–1920), this brought Amazon local country benefits. The first direct foreign trade with Manaus was commenced around 1874 this local trade along the river bring the Amazon Steam Navigation Company had 38 vessels. By the turn of the 20th century, the principal exports of the Amazon Basin were  India-rubber,  cacao beans,  Brazil nuts  and a few other products of minor importance, such as  pelts  and  exotic  forest produce (resins, barks, woven  hammocks, prized bird  feathers, live animals, etc. and extracted goods (lumber, gold, etc. ). Then, the demand of rubber from the Allied forces in World War II increased. After the World War II the long-term development plans continued. Roads were cut through the forests, and in 1970, the work on the  Trans-Amazonian highway  network began. 274 words Impact of h uman Use: According to the fact that the Amazon River is the extreme place in the world about biodiversity, resourceful place and Largest river in the world etc. , this make people interest to live, to use it commercially and to travel. First we focus on living of people in Amazon areas. There are at least 100 uncontacted tribes or groups of people who inhabit the  rainforest. These people are harmed by natural disaster, disease and other load of obstacles. Live on the water is not only to find food, eat and sleep. The one that going to survive is the one who organised and prepared for everything such as food, shelter, drugs and place to use as toilet. When it was people living in Amazon the boating and shipping is start too. Fishing on Amazon River was happen for centuries but there is no control even now it still no rules over fishing activity. Boating is due to the transportation system especially water way. Boating are not only makes life under water panic but it also effect the chemical rate of water when the petroleum things drop out into water from the boat engine or crash of boat also make river become toxin. The shipping is also the aspect that we look for. It is related to boating because to shipping things on the river you need to transport on water way. It gets same problems as Boating but the last aspect is the main problemâ€Å"tourism†. The most attractive tour is Amazon cruise tour. It is going to offer an intimate tropical natural experience. The tourism help country gain money but lot of tourist is not a cooperative people for the natural protection rules. 280 words Pollutants: The pollutant which found in the Amazon River is a producing of pig iron, petroleum environment problems and the most pollutant is gold rush from gold mining which using large amount of mercury to extract the gold were released into rivers and caused the fish, which are so important in the local diet, to become unsafe to eat. The research discovered the hair of people who live far from the mercury problem source as samples taken from adults contained an average mercury level of 15. 9 micrograms per gram (15. 9 parts per million). This amount of exposure is well below the threshold of 50 micrograms  per gram considered safe by the World Health Organization (WHO). The  WHO  threshold is based on the lowest level at which scientists in previous studies have reported the first clinical signs of mercury poisoning in adults. In fact, the study revealed a direct relationship between declining coordination and increasing levels of methyl mercury in peoples hair that live next to the mercury problem source. The research had discovered that mercury can damage human health even at levels well below accepted international safety standards. The investigation into the cause of mercury contamination in the Amazon is one of many projects which explain about what is going on at Amazon river and what was it effect. This knowledge can then be used to develop policies toward the better management of ecosystems in order to improve Amazon River and human health. 242 words Impact of a proposed: The amount water in the Amazon River can use to run hydroelectric power plants effectively. The energy requirements of both the Carajas development and the city of Belem are met by the giant  Tucurui  hydroelectric plant on the Tocantins River, one of the largest  hydroelectric power  stations in the world. A more modest hydroelectric facility on a small river north of Manaus supplies that city with power. A growing sensitivity to the harmful consequences for both  our life  and the environment due to the construction of large dams has caused projects to be placed on hold. The principal  oil  developments within Amazonia have taken place in the Oriente regions of the Andean countries. Oil pipelines originate from districts in both Colombia (the upper Putumayo) and Ecuador (Agrio Lake), as well as north eastern Peru, and end at  export terminals on the Pacific coast. Within the Brazilian and Bolivian portions of the basin, developments have been of minimal consequence. To understand and solve problem of construction of dam and hydro-electric power project we need to know that human use water especially damming and agricultural has affected over 77 percent of the annual discharge of the large rivers in the northern third of the world. While offering some benefit to humans, these dams reduce the ability of rivers to transport water. Dams also block the passage of fish upstream to spawning grounds. So construction of dam and sluice is very important but the large one would affect the ecosystem too much so why don’t you build it in many part of the river and it will less affect the whole of the ecosystem. In the same way as dam construction problems, the bridge oil and gas is need for South America people. But the way to solve is to keep it safer than normal pipeline and check it frequently to make sure and safe a nature. 310 words Conclusion: Amazon is the largest river in the world in volume and in area of drainage asin its basin encompasses the world’s most extensive rainforest and is home to an extraordinary diversity. It was also generated the economics of nations. These facts make Amazon become important river but it can also bring dirtiness to the river. So, everyone especially local people, tourist and government agency need to realize that Amazon also need to be protect because the water protect us and give us opportunities to live better. I think that if everything is done as my recommendation the problem might be solved especially the dam construction problems. 106 words

The Environmental movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Environmental movement - Essay Example However, in order to break media silence especially on environmental issues in the period of 1970s, Greenpeace had adopted as well as executed certain remedial measures or strategies. It can be apparently observed in this similar concern that the outrageous stunts and the protest slogans made by Greenpeace in the form of effective strategies eventually supported it to break media silence of environmental issues in the period of 1970s by a certain degree. In addition, there also exist certain other strategies of Greenpeace that ultimately turned it to be the most renowned asset in conducting worldwide environmental movement. It can be affirmed from a broader outlook that the activities pertaining to incessant anti-nuclear efforts by Greenpeace in early 1970s in terms of protesting nuclear tests by the French is one of the important strategies that might have broken the media silence particularly on environmental issues by a considerable level. Apart from making deliberate efforts in p rotesting nuclear tests, Greenpeace made significant approaches towards conducting attractive as well as logical campaigns based on environmental concern. From the very beginning, it can be viewed that Greenpeace paid utmost attention towards addressing and mitigating every environmental issue by a greater level. Greenpeace can be duly considered as a top-down based organisation which fundamentally follows decision-making procedure based on corporations or military. Thus, the adoption of effective decisions based on the aforesaid aspects ultimately assisted Greenpeace to devise effectual environmental strategies resulting in breaking media silence on environmental issues at large. Another general tactic or strategy which can be viewed to be adopted as well as executed by Greenpeace was raising greater awareness to the public concerning the environmental issues through media. In this regard, appealing for gaining public support can also be regarded as the other strategy of Greenpeace towards mitigating environmental issues in the period of 1970s (Campbell, 2004; CBC, 2013). 2. How Do You Explain the ‘Institutionalisation’ of the

Maldives Country Case Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Maldives Country Case Report - Essay Example However, as this century came to an end, the entire globe was engulfed in destructive world wars and huge financial crisis. This time is also referred to as the First Great Age of Global Capitalism. Then came the time of great maturation called as globalization. Also of critical importance, this stage became apparent in the world at the last quarter of the 20th century. As time passed and globalization gathered pace through the revolutionary techniques of verbal communication, the interdependence of web grew more and more. The interdependence thus related the every country in the world (Gilpin and Gilpin, Moses and Knutsen, 365). In Maldives the effect had been more or less the same. The interdependence thus introduced in the country by destroying old walls around most of the issues. The politics in Maldives can also not be separated in two separate clauses of domestic and international. As for the foreign policy, it has also moved beyond the terms of realism. Of course, like the past, one cannot ignore the increasing pace and scope of the events occurring internationally. Maldives has also been affected by the reduction of space as well as time as it has presented the country with a lot of trade-offs. More specifically, it has become difficult for countries like Maldives to focus on one area at the expense of the other area. Maldives is thus known as a Faraway Flashpoint which is undergoing fast changes in technical, social, political, and economic arenas. Maldives thus focuses on cooperation as it is necessary for its survival (Moses and Knutsen, 367). As far as the patterns of changes are concerned, it has been observed that the country holds the transformationalist Perspective. This can be determined by the trends of political change since the country has now been reconstituted and restructured in its essence. In

Social Policy On Homelessness Housing First

Social Policy On Homelessness Housing First Introduction The purpose of this paper is to discuss the social policy on homelessness Housing First. In this paper I will include the history of this policy, how it was created, when and the basic elements of this social policy. To every issue there are opposing views and I will present those views along with the policy. No social policy is perfect and along with the strengths I will also expose weaknesses, the points will be explained throughout this paper. First I will discuss what homelessness is and then what are the factors that lead a family, child, vet or anyone for that matter into the category of homelessness. Homelessness What does being homeless mean? It means not having shelter, a place to sleep, eat and be protected against natures elements. This issue is a concern to social service providers, government officials and policy professionals. Homelessness has been a major social issue In America but it is during financial crisis that this problem raises. The word itself Homelessness has a bad connotation, when the word homeless is uttered the immediate thought is that of a substance abuser, vagrant or a person with a mental illness. Although these are contributing factors they are not the sole reasons why a person ends up homeless. There are also other contributing factors such as poverty, unemployment, social exclusion (such as sexual orientation), natural disasters, foreclosures, war or disability. Now in 2012 and as of recent years we have seen the U.S economy decline economically a result from the housing bubble burst, bank crisis and wars. These events have skyrocketed chronic homelessness, it is of no surprise that the precursors to the U.S recession are a major contributor (Szep, 2008). Beyond Shelter In order to understand the social policy called Housing First we must first discuss the history behind it. Housing First was introduced by a nonprofit organization called Beyond Shelter, this organization is based in Los Angeles. The non-profit organization Beyond Shelter was founded in 1988 in Los Angeles to fight poverty and homelessness within families with children (retrieved from http://www.beyondshelter.org/aaa_about_us/aaa_about_us.shtml). This organization introduced a model system called Housing First aka rapid rehousing. In 1996 the United Nations selected this model as 25 U.S best practices. Housing First Housing First is a public policy it is an alternative to a system of emergency shelter/transitional housing progressions(http://www.beyondshelter.org/aaa about us/aaa about us.shtml).It focuses homeless families to be able to move back into permanent housing. This is done first acquiring housing as soon as possible then providing counseling. It also focuses on intervention providing social services after the housing has been acquired rather than providing temporary shelter or transitional housing first (http://www.beyondshelter.org/aaa about us/aaa about us.shtml). In contrast to other programs where the issues that lead the person to homelessness are addressed first before helping the person acquire housing hence the name given to this public policy Housing First. For example many social or public policies function first by getting the homeless person from the street to public shelter, from public shelter to transitional housing program and from there to their own apartment. In the housing first or rapid housing the homeless person is first placed in an apartment or house then pin pointing the issues that lead to become homeless. The federal government uses this to guide federal policies in attacking the problem of homelessness by rent assistance, housing stabilization. In 2009 The Homelessness Prevention and Rapid Re-housing Program (HPRP) provides homelessness prevention assistance to households that would otherwise become homeless, and provides rapid re-housing assistance to persons who are homeless as defined by section 103 of the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 11302).In 2008 Congress appropriated $25 million in the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Grants for 2008 to demonstrate the effectiveness of rapid re-housing programs to reduce family homelessness( retrieved from http://www.endhomelessness.org/pages/housing_first ). Strengths The strengths of this policy is that homeless people get a housing as soon as possible without conditions. Thereby, afterwards getting the necessary help to assist them in maintaining a permanent residence. The common practice of assistance to family homelessness is some kind of temporary housing. The problem is, when that runs out, people are still homeless. ; This approach is simply to get homeless people off the street and into a stable, more permanent environment (http://www.beyondshelter.org/aaa about us/aaa about us.shtml). The idea is that a person can do better once placed in a permanent housing. Then receiving the services they need to maintain that permanent housing. This policy also helps to foster self-reliance instead of dependence (http://www.beyondshelter.org/aaa about us/aaa about us.shtml).Also, Intervention services, housing options, and transitional support for the foster care system are strategies to end youth homelessness. Weaknesses The federal policy formed on the model of housing first is a good idea but economically how long can the federal government sustain this program. The burden falls on state and local funding to non-profit organizations to support these services. Now with the current state of economy can this realistically continue to financially support this policy? There is a need for all types of housing for all kinds of homeless people, families with children, elderly and individuals with disabilities or addiction. When you champion one methods then what about the other programs that have transitional housing or shelters you create a competition for funds. The roots of the problems must be attacked first not the other way around and opposite of the Housing Readiness philosophy, which believes that people need to address issues that may have led to their own homelessness before they enter permanent housing. If anything in social work it is known and practical t used different methodologies .Housing first seems to ride on the idea that it is better to do the opposite. I dont know about this because I think I would rather attack the problem that has caused homelessness for example if the reason for being homeless is finding a job to sustain oneself, finding services to a mental issues or substance abuse then that is more viable than getting a house first . How can one maintain the cost of paying even if it subsidized by the government without being able to keep a job because of substance abuse lack of employment or perhaps a mental disease. I understand that the model of Housing First also assist with these social services after they have a permanent home but again the root of the problem should be taken care of first. I believe that one must learn to become long term self-sufficient before being placed in the responsibility of permanent housing. Also what about immigrants? How would an immigrant homeless person be able to even participate in such a program? They would be inelig ible to participate in such program without being a citizen or permanent resident. According to Paul Boden executive director of Western Regional Advocacy Project, he quotes How can they cut Section 8 but believe in Housing First as a concept? Theyre cutting housing but doing Housing First. Its not just ironic; its hypocritical (Law, 2007, NHI). My Interview Now as far as the person I interviewed as part of my homeless policy project I would not see how this policy would apply to him. My interviewee would not be able to participate in this program for the simple fact that he is an illegal immigrant. If are undocumented, you are not be eligible for federal programs. Perhaps he would be in a separate category because of immigration status. I think in his case immigration policy would have to change in his case before the homeless policy does. Conclusion This policy is a very good policy in my eyes but there are shortfalls regardless of these shortfalls it does not fall short form being innovative. When attacking social problems there are variables and different perspectives. Scenarios are case by case and a one size shoe fits all is not realistic nor is it practical. What works for one population may not necessarily work for the other. Now our public, social and federal policy on homelessness is well intended it is not perfect. Affordable housing is a must and in order for that to occur our economy must be stabilized. It is like a domino affect the fall of one chip knocks the rest down and to get these chips back up it must be done one at a time. It is a long ardous time consuming process that must be done carefully and patiently. Every policy that we instill must be carefully reviewed evaluated and make sure that it applies to everyone and not just a certain population.

Impact of Innovation Technology in Banking Sector

The impact of IT in efficiency and effectiveness of banking sector in Sri Lanka  the information technology and its impact in efficiency and effectiveness of the banking sector in sri lanka (with refernce to people’s bank and plc commercial bank plc in sri lanka) author: m. r. m. fazmeer 2005/2006 fmc south eastern university of sri lankaWhat is information technology? The study or use of computers and telecommunications for storing and sending Information (Oxford dictionary, 2003) â€Å"The information technology refers to all forms of technology applied to processing, storing, and transmitting information in electronic form.The physical equipment used for this purpose includes computers, communication equipment and network, fax machines, and even pocket organizer. Information on system executes organized procedures and/or communicates information. We define Information as an intangible or intangible entity that severs to reduce uncertainty about some state or event. Data can be originated from the internal operation of the form external entities such as suppliers or customers. Data also come from external data bases and services, for organization purchases a great deal marketing and competitive information.An information technology usually process these data in some way and present the results to users with easy availability of personal computers, users often process the output of formal system themselves in an ad ho manner. Human interpretation of information is extremely important in understanding how an organization reacts to output of system . Different result may mean different things to two managers. A trends or problems with sales. A financial manager may see problems with cash flow given the same sales data, where the marketing manager may use the statistical programs and graphs to look for trends or problems with sales.The recipient of a system’s output 2 1 AUTHOR: M. R. M. FAZMEER 2005/2006 FMC SOUTH EASTERN UNIVERSITY OF SRI LANKA The impact of IT in efficiency and effectiveness of banking sector in Sri Lanka may be an individual, as in the examples of the marketing manager, or it may be a workgroup. Many systems are used routinely for control purpose in the organization and require limited decision making. The accounts receivable application generally runs with little senior management over sight. It is a highly structured application with rules that can be followed by a clerical staff.A department manager handles exceptions. The output of some systems may be used as a part of a program or corporate strategy. The system it self could be implementing a corporate strategy, such as simplifying the customer order process. A system might help manager make decision. Information technology, however, extends far beyond the computational capabilities of computers. Today, computers are used extensively for communications as well as for traditional roles of data storages and computations. Many computers are connected t ogether using various kind of communication line to form networks.Through a network, individuals and organization are link together and these linkages are mass market networks like CompuServe, America on – line, and prodigy are a more recent phenomenon of course, the most famous network of all is the internet and shall explore its potential for business. Today every organization is faced with various information technology architectures. A manager is always concerned with various sources available for product and services. In the technology field. There are options on suppliers for both hardware and software.The area of information technology as an integration of communication technology. (Asoka S. Karunananda,1998) History of Impact of Information Technology In 21st century, the role of information technology is very important in every sector, whether it is agriculture industry and services. The information system’s functions in an organization have expanded significa ntly over the years. Information systems of the 1950’s forecast on reducing the cost of routine paper processing, transaction data processing, record keeping, accounting and other electronic data processing.By the 1960’s organizations started viewing information system differently recognizing that information system could be used for general management support, such system was called as Management Information System (MIS) that collected, stored and processed were seen as providing special purpose, customized management control over the organization, such 2 AUTHOR: M. R. M. FAZMEER 2005/2006 FMC SOUTH EASTERN UNIVERSITY OF SRI LANKA The impact of IT in efficiency and effectiveness of banking sector in Sri Lanka system were called Decision Support System (DSS) and Executive Support System (ESS).Their purpose was to improve and speed up the decision making process. Now information technology has become very important all activities of the organization. On the other hand, service sector more contributes to the economy of the country under the service of the banking sector is very important one. In our country, there are two forms of banks namely, State banks and private banks. The State banks are financed by the government through budget and controlled and managerial functions are carried out by them.On her hand private banks are financed by private sector itself and control and management is in the hand of them. Today we can see the private bank highly use the information technological systems in their every activity rather than in state banks. So, for my research study purpose I’m taking the sample as People’s bank as a state bank and Commercial bank as a private bank. Now information technology is changing day by day. So these two banks introduced system to their organizations. So information technological system has become the one of the important resource of the organization.Today world is globalized. It has startling polemical phe nomenon that brings nations into â€Å"one global village† with â€Å"One broad less economy† so the effective and efficient use of information technology is vital to the organization. Information technology is vital like other resources such as man, money, material, machinery and methods. Without information technological system cannot function in the competitive market. The banking sector is very important to the country because it has contributed lot to the country’s national income.And also each and every bank facilitates to every citizen to maintain accounts and other facilities as well. So there is a need to identify the impact of the information technology on efficiency and effectiveness of banking sector. In the case of Sri Lankan banking sector there are two leading domestic banks one is People’s bank another one is Commercial bank PLC, and IT usage of People’s bank (state bank) in their banking activities are very rare with Comparing with Commercial bank PLC (private bank).So we need to find out the reasons for the varies of IT usage between state banks and private banks. 3 AUTHOR: M. R. M. FAZMEER 2005/2006 FMC SOUTH EASTERN UNIVERSITY OF SRI LANKA The impact of IT in efficiency and effectiveness of banking sector in Sri Lanka The Importance of information technology Organizations have various managerial levels. These all managerial levels have different managerial functions, such as planning, organizing, staffing, and controlling. These functions are necessary for successful organizational performance.To support these functions, especially planning and controlling systems for supping information to managers are of special importance. Only with accurate and timely information can managers monitor progress toward their goals and turns plans into reality. (Peter Drucker, 2000) The manager must handle the information system effectively and efficiently to achieving their goals of an organization. Therefore we have seen information, requirement of information organization characteristics of information and information system of their types.Information is not natural resources. Data are facts, events, transactions and soon witch have been recorded. They are input raw materials from which information is produced. Briefly data is pool of observation . Information is data that have been processed in such a way as to be useful to the recipient, in another view the information is a statement about the structure of an entity that enables a person to make a decision or commitment. System is a group of components that interact to achieve purpose.Commonly, system 3 basic components they are inputs, output and processing. In this way information system is a group of components that interacts to produce information. Here data or raw materials as input information as output is gotten and processing component help to change the inputs to outputs. Briefly the minimum information system consists of people, proced ure and data. People follow procedures to manipulate data to produce information. The following figure explains it. Impact of Information Technology (Henry C. Lucas. 998) Many times information technologies have failed because the reactions of users were ignored or because designers did not consider the impact of the system on the organization. A technology elegant system is successful only it is used. Most 4 AUTHOR: M. R. M. FAZMEER 2005/2006 FMC SOUTH EASTERN UNIVERSITY OF SRI LANKA The impact of IT in efficiency and effectiveness of banking sector in Sri Lanka early studies of the import of computers were completed after the systems had been installed. These studies were broad not are and in general were not oriented toward the design of better information system.More recent research has leg to the development of a mode of information systems in the con text of the organization, that describes how in formation systems impact and in tract with organizations. From this mode it shou ld be possible to predict the impact of systems in advance and plan for a successful inter face with the organization Best – known sets ore dictions for the impact of computers on organizations (Leavitt and whistler 1998) These authors sequester that firms would recentralize as a result of new computer technology, the availability of more information than previously possible would allow management centralize.The trend until the development of computer technology to word decentralization because centralization. Management could not cope with the amount of information and number of decision required in lounge organization. Computers offer the power to make centralized management possible so the organization can be tightly controlled by a group of top managers.Little evidence supports this early redetection (Lucas 1975) another problem in validating precisian of computer impact occurs in defining variables such as centralization and decentralization (Information systems concepts for management Moreover, early predictions assumed that decentralization is negatively motivator there make other reasons to decentralize In other hand the information technology effect the distribution of power among the department of the organization. Different departments in organization have different levels of power and a theory proposed by Hick son et al (1971) offers some insight into these power relationships.As were shall see, the information services department meets conditions that are describes by the Hick son et al for high power, and by its activities, this alters the distribution of power in the baking sector. There are four major conditions describes by the several researchers. The one hypothesized determinants of power is the extent to which the department copes with uncertainty for other departments. Uncertainty is destined as the lack ok information about future events that make their outcomes less predictable. An information services 5 AUTHOR: M. R. M. FAZMEER 2 005/2006 FMCSOUTH EASTERN UNIVERSITY OF SRI LANKA The impact of IT in efficiency and effectiveness of banking sector in Sri Lanka department cope swath aureate deal of uncertainty for user departments. When a new system is designed the user often yields control over an operation to the information services department. For example consider the department that used to prepare budget statements manually but that has just implemented a computer system to process budgets. Before the information technological system. When a gluepot clerks and analysts prepared the budget the manager of the department had complete control.If the department was behind schedule the manager could arrange over time or employment help to see that job was completed. A solution to most problems wow within the manager is own department Now, with the computer system, the manager has added uncertainties about whether the information services department will finish processing on time and with acceptable accuracy. The development of this computer system has created uncertainty for the manager where non existed before. Interesting enough, only the information services department can cope with this new uncertainty.The information department of every organization is very important in every organization. So the uncertain ting also controlled by the information services department. A second hypothesized department of high power is whether or not a department can be replaced easily. These are a few alternatives to mature information services department. Dissatisfied company management could hire an entirely new computer staff, but this would create chaos during the transition period. One can also turn to service bureau for processing, but it would be difficult and expensive to covert all present applications.Another alternative to the information services department is a facilities management arrangement in which a consultant contracts to run an information service services department. However, most f acilities management contractors hire proportion of the people currently working in the information services department. A facilities management agreement also meets hesitance form management, which is often uneasy about hexing another organization responsible for the processing of vital information. These for a mature information services department, there are not many possible substitutes. AUTHOR: M. R. M. FAZMEER 2005/2006 FMC SOUTH EASTERN UNIVERSITY OF SRI LANKA The impact of IT in efficiency and effectiveness of banking sector in Sri Lanka A third proposed determinant of high power for a department is the number of links between other department, the great its power clearly, here is another situation where the information services department has the potential for becoming quite powerful. The information services department may accept input from a wide variety of departments in the organization and provide the all with some type of service.The importance of each link also must be considered in assessing departmental power. It a link were separated, how long would be only an in convenience; In most organizations the final output would no the affected drastically. For the information services department, the number of links and the importance of out put depend on the type of applications developed. Transactional and operational control systems are usually associated with greater power since these systems have immediate impact on workloads in the company.Most organizations, For an examples, are heavily dependent or on line transactions processing systems. The degree of interdependence between the department of interest and all other departments in the organization is a final condition for power, The greater the dependence of department marketing on department human resources department, the greater is department Marketing's power. The information services department tends to exhibit reciprocal interdependence with user departments. That is the information se rvices department and user departments mutually depended each other to process work, and unfortunately.This type of mutual dependence is the most demanding An information services department depends on users during systems design to supply information and provide and understanding of what is needed. On the other hand, the user is dependent on the information services department for the technical aspects of design and for seeing that a system is implemented. During operations, the user must supply input and help maintain the database. The user in turn is dependent on the information services department to provide processing services.Information Technology (IT) refers to hardware, software, procedures, personnel, and data employed in the production, dissemination, and utilization of information, both formal and informal, in an organization (Davis and Olson, 1985). While traditionally IT has been 7 AUTHOR: M. R. M. FAZMEER 2005/2006 FMC SOUTH EASTERN UNIVERSITY OF SRI LANKA The impact of IT in efficiency and effectiveness of banking sector in Sri Lanka defined to include only â€Å"formal† information systems, such as reporting systems generated by a database, increasingly IT is utilized to facilitate informal interpersonal communication.The key technologies include computers, computer-controlled devices, and telecommunications networks; we also include electronic mail, teleconferencing, voice mail, and facsimile transmission as part of IT. IT consists not only of tangible pieces of equipment and programs; it represents the capacity of the organization to produce, disseminate, and digest information. IT has been used in a number of ways including the mechanization of information processing, the augmentation of knowledge work, and for supporting coordination in the organization.A significant amount of investment in IT is for basic mechanization of the records of production and distribution of goods and services (e. g. , invoices) or the actions themselves ( e. g, electronic money transfer). A centralized database makes it possible to produce and disseminate information for management control as a by- product of mechanization. This category also includes technology used for manufacturing such as CAD/CAM and computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM). Information technology also contributes to the support of individual workers.Drucker (1964) identified â€Å"knowledge work as a specifically human activity, distinct from physical labor which could be automated. The notion of augmentation was first defined by Englebart (1963) as â€Å"increasing the capability of a man (sic) to approach a complex problem situation, gain comprehension to suit his particular needs, and to derive solutions to problems† (p. 1). Today, personal computers are used widely by individuals to augment knowledge work. Increasingly IT is being used to increase the ease of connection between individuals, organizational units, and even different organizations.Applic ations such as electronic mail, voice messaging, and facsimile transmission facilitate the communication and coordination of information required for organizational Processing. Some terms used for this class of applications are: interpersonal computing (Goldberg, 1987), coordination technology (Holt, 8 AUTHOR: M. R. M. FAZMEER 2005/2006 FMC SOUTH EASTERN UNIVERSITY OF SRI LANKA The impact of IT in efficiency and effectiveness of banking sector in Sri Lanka 1988; Malone, 1988), groupware (Richman, 1987a), and computer supported groups (Johansen, 1988).Efficiency and Effectiveness of Information technology Advances in information technology and intensified competition in the marketplace have contributed to the timely delivery of products and ser- vices. This in turn has contributed to increased benefits and reduced costs of IT project management. Depending on the size, scope, and complexity of a project, a number of conflicting elements challenge IT project management. Project deliver y may address the equally important need for reliability in delivering the project as promised, as well as its cost and benefits. equirements for effectiveness and efficiency in IT project management. Given the critical importance of project delivery and reliability as well as the economic rationale in project planning and implementation, the future of any business will be determined by how well projects are managed today. In general, short period cycle times may lead to substantial incremental earnings while the penalty for long project cycle times may mean missing market opportunities al- together. In addition, multi-project organizations may often tend to launch projects as soon as they are understood.These organizations launch the projects concurrently with existing projects, simultaneously with other new efforts, or without sufficient regard to the capacity of the organization. This would commonly lead to an array of projects with conflicting priorities. Project resources and m anagers are responsible for sorting these priori- ties. Of particular concern in this regard is that the priorities established within a functional area may not be in synchrony with other areas, or more importantly with the company-wide priorities.It can be argued that smaller projects are more manage- able and it is usually easier to ensure their success, and thus, smaller projects are more likely to succeed than large projects. On the other hand, one can argue that larger projects would have more funding and resources and therefore should have a higher probability of success. However, 9 The recent developments in IT have also brought significant ramifications with regard to the critical AUTHOR: M. R. M. FAZMEER 2005/2006 FMC SOUTH EASTERN UNIVERSITY OF SRI LANKAThe impact of IT in efficiency and effectiveness of banking sector in Sri Lanka we argue that while the smaller projects may be more manageable, project management can be the critical factor in ensuring the success of the p rojects, regardless of the size. Some of the critical factors to project success are user involvement, executive support, and a clear statement of business objectives In this context, SWOT analysis and the Theory of Constraints provide a comprehensive framework that can address the effectiveness and efficiency of project planning. (Sabbaghi and Vaidyanathan, EDSIG, 2003, p. 2) (Wei, et al. 2002) proposed a resource con- strained-based project management model for project planning, implementation and control. The research does not include Theory of Constraints as a tool for effective project selection. Another model used SWOT analysis to make decisions on effective use of resources for housing projects (Ziara and Ayyub, 1999. ) The methodology considered both the options and constraints of relevant socio-economic factors in the planning and construction of urban housing-project developments. A selection of R&D projects models consist of integer decision variables for both the number of researchers allocated nd project selection. Re- searcher allocation and project selection are subject to several linear and nonlinear goal constraints (Taylor, et al. , 1982). In this study, we have pro- vided a framework for effectiveness and efficiency of IT project planning using SWOT analysis and Theory of Constraints. There is a potential for further research using both these tools to address the selection of projects in a more efficient and effective manner. (Sabbaghi and Vaidyanathan, EDSIG, 2003) 10 AUTHOR: M. R. M. FAZMEER 2005/2006 FMC SOUTH EASTERN UNIVERSITY OF SRI LANKAThe impact of IT in efficiency and effectiveness of banking sector in Sri Lanka Information Technology in Banking Sector (Ranee Jayamaha, 2008) The rapid advancement in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has had a profound impact on the banking industry and the wider financial sector over the last two decades and it has now become a tool that facilitates banks’ organizational structu res, business strategies, customer services and other related functions. The recent â€Å"IT revolution† has exerted far-reaching impacts on economies, in general, and the financial services industry, in particular.Within the financial services industry, the banking sector was one of the first to embrace rapid globalization and benefit significantly from IT development. The technological revolution in banking started in the 1950s, with the installation of the first automated bookkeeping machines at banks. This was well before the other industries became IT savvy. Automation in banking became widespread over the next few decades as bankers quickly realized that much of their labor-intensive information-handling processes could be automated with the use of computers. The first Automated Teller Machine (ATM) is reported to have been introduced n the USA in 1968, and it was only a cash dispenser. The advent of ATMs helped both to improve customer convenience and reduce costs, as before ATMs, withdrawing funds, accounts inquiries and transferring funds between accounts required face-to-face interaction between bank staff and customers. :-Rapid advancement and gains to the banking sector Overall, technological innovation has brought about the speedy processing and transmission of information, easy marketing of banking products, enhancement of customer access and awareness, wider networking and, regional and global links on an unprecedented scale.IT development has thus changed the product range, product development, service channels and type of banking services, as well as the packaging of such services, with significant efficiencies not only in the banks, but also the ancillary and feeder services to banks. The financial services industry has thus become virtually dependent on IT development. Most banks make visible efforts to keep up with new systems and processes. 11 AUTHOR: M. R. M. FAZMEER 2005/2006 FMC SOUTH EASTERN UNIVERSITY OF SRI LANKA The impact of IT in efficiency and effectiveness of banking sector in Sri LankaThe development in ICT has enabled banks to provide more diversified and convenient financial services, even without adding physical branches. The present day ATMs are more sophisticated machines that can scan the customer and a bank teller, accept cash or cheques, facilitate customer application for loans and allow for face-to-face discussion with a service representative via video. The development of Internet services, which is an extensive, low-cost and convenient financial network, has facilitated banking services to customers, anywhere and anytime.Along with Internet and Web-based services, a need for changing core banking architecture has emerged. The introduction of new core banking systems by some banks and their links with the improved telecommunication network has enabled banking transactions to be done on-line, in contrast to the batch-processing mode used earlier. The integration of etrading with internet banking and banks’ websites is also a notable feature. These IT advancements have enabled banks to gradually replace manual work by automated procedures with on-line real time processing. -Adoption of Information Technology in Sri Lankan Bank industry The banking sector in Sri Lanka has undergone a rapid transformation with the adoption of IT-based banking solutions. The widespread usage of IT in Sri Lanka’s banking sector began only in the late 1980s with the introduction of the first ATM by HSBC Bank in 1986. The introduction of ATMs and automated processes has reduced the cost per transaction significantly, as staff overhead costs have decreased. Initially, the banks adopted systems developed in-house or used vendor provided systems on a decentralized basis, thus transforming manual systems to automated processes.However, most of the core-banking systems provided by different vendors were ad hoc solutions and on piecemeal basis, i. e. separate modules and technology platforms for key operations such as deposit mobilization and lending, trade finance, treasury operations, and more recently card transactions. Those who opted to implement new core-banking systems together with other sub systems and integrations may have made relatively large 12 AUTHOR: M. R. M. FAZMEER 2005/2006 FMC SOUTH EASTERN UNIVERSITY OF SRI LANKA The impact of IT in efficiency and effectiveness of banking sector in Sri Lanka investments with sustainable gains to compensate costs.The arrival of new foreign and private banks with state-of-the-art technology-based services pushed other banks in Sri Lanka to move towards the latest technologies so as to retain their customer base and meet competition. The increasing competition in Sri Lanka’s banking industry has widened the scope of the IT infrastructure development to meet diversified demands made by numerous users. Today, customers of some banks enjoy services through Internet banking, Tele banking, Mobile telephone banking and Visa/Master Credit and Debit card facilities.The growing competition and expectations have also increased awareness amongst banks of the role and importance of technology in banking. ; -Information Technology of Commercial Banks. The Bank has vital information system to their organization activity. They have invested more and more on new information technology. Last year they have received the edge over other banks and they will continue to invested in information in order that they to stay ahead. Last year they invested Rs. 302. 13million in IT. Two new cutting edge products they rolled out.In partnership with Dialog. They enabled the customers to top up their pre-paid mobile phones by way an SMS to the Bank. The SMS debits the customer’s Bank account and tops up his/her pre-paid mobile phone account. Intermediary truncation are eliminated truncation costs reduced and a win-win scenarios is created for the services provided, the customer and the Bank This year th ey will clinch deals with other operators as well and offer the product to abroad group of the customers. This new product has concept of â€Å"pre-paid† telephone cards.A similarly facility has now been extended to customers who have obtained â€Å"Pahan† personal loans obtained those eligible to get their loans immediately topped up merely by sending SMS to the Bank. Thorough the Mobile ATM process the collective wealth of the Bank is enhanced enabling the previous of superior potations to our customers. They have several electronic products which are operating using an information technology; they are e-Exchange, e-load, Com Tel, Mobile ATM operating on GPRS Technology, Online banking, Telephone Banking and etc. 13 AUTHOR: M. R. M. FAZMEER 2005/2006 FMCSOUTH EASTERN UNIVERSITY OF SRI LANKA The impact of IT in efficiency and effectiveness of banking sector in Sri Lanka They have giving several facility and technology to their customer to attract the customer and impr ove the efficiency and effectiveness as well in the committee market. So they have use effective information technological system to their function. ;-Information Technology of the People’s bank. Having worked on a revolutionary IT platform last two years, 2005 become the year in which information Technology became the platform, for People’s Bank to drive its business. he strategic plan 2005-2008 maps out of the years, in which the bank will create a business responsive IT culture, built on an anytime anywhere sever ice; where Information is available at the click of button- easily accessible and very comprehensive; where knowing their customers empowers employees to develop the required business Through the responsiveness, and where carrying for customers become priority integrated banking solutions and multi-channeled delivery systems, the Bank will be able to deliver a complete range of banking services .This will enable to the Bank to earn revenue which turn contri butes to the business performance that makes it a vital financial instate. The implication of Bank’s Core Banking solution vital for the enhancement of the function and severances which the management and the employees could extent to provide excellent customer service e core Banking salutation will also bring in effective control, policies and dissiliences in providing a customer centric knowledge based cultural which enhances productivity and competitiveness.The Core Banking salutation was rolled out to 37 branches including corporate Banking division, trade finance division, overseas customer services unit, central clearing and cash and the finance and MIS division of the bank during2005. During the year 2006, the Bank copes to roll out the salutation to 200 branches. This would enable all the main branches of the bank to use the Core Banking salutation. The Bank has also installed a central Archiving system and the MIS / Data Ware house system during 2005.The effectivenes s and productivity relating to the MIS / Data ware house system and the Central Archiving system would be important areas to fours during 2006. The linguini of the credit card center, FCBU and the corporate II system would be some of the key areas of the Core Banking implementation other than the automation of 14 AUTHOR: M. R. M. FAZMEER 2005/2006 FMC SOUTH EASTERN UNIVERSITY OF SRI LANKA The impact of IT in efficiency and effectiveness of banking sector in Sri Lanka the 163 branches during 2006archiving system.The It personnel of the Bank attached to the Data Center, operating IBM e Server I Series system have also been provided with specialized training from IBM, their partners Blue Chip Customer Engineering Lanka (Pvt) Ltd. And silver lake. The training provided covers the technical aspect and operational aspect of IBM e Server I Series, the Archiving system together with the application system in use (SIBS). Training was also provided to the team managing the Central switch with regard to the operation and technical aspect of the Central switch system and its connectivity.The PABS team was provided with advance SCO – UNIX, training conducted by SCO- UNIX. USA in Sri Lanka. The IT department staff continues a process providing training to branch uses using the PABA system and the ATMs in odder to the tramline the operational efficiency and support to the branch. This training program was conducted through out the year. The offices attached to the IT department continued to receive training areas of technical Development, Management, Management Development and Leadership. The aim of developing their skills in adaptation to technical skill has been constantly addressed.During 2005 the bank has strengthen its control with regard to IT operations and Viruses protection, relating to all system used by the Bank. The Bank is continue sly working on improving its vigilance process and maintains stringent security with regard to all its system. During 2006 se tting up of firewalls will be given priority consideration. 15 AUTHOR: M. R. M. FAZMEER 2005/2006 FMC SOUTH EASTERN UNIVERSITY OF SRI LANKA The impact of IT in efficiency and effectiveness of banking sector in Sri Lanka REFERENCES 1.Abdul QawiAthman & Lynn Owen, â€Å"Adopting and Measuring Customer Service Quality (SQ) in Islamic Banks: A case study in Kuwait Finance House†, International Journal Of Islamic Financial Services Vol. 3 2. Banking Journal, 1996-2000, Institute of Banks of Sri Lanka. 3. Copeland and Mc Kenney, 1985 the impact of information technology in air lines industry 4. Haron. s, Ahamad. N and Planis . S (1994), â€Å"Bank patronage Factors of Muslim and NonMuslim customers†, International Journal Of Bank Marketing Vol. 12,No. 1 PP. 32-40 5. Hentry C. LUCAS, JR. 1982, â€Å"Information Systems For Management† Edition O- O7- O36924 -1.McGraw- Hill series in management information system. 6. Lears Silver and Fatima Vegholm â€Å"The impact of t he enabling organization on customers Satisfaction: Banks and their small business customers† (KTH-DrottningKristinalVag 30,SE- 10044 Stockholm, Sweden, 1996) 7. Peter F. Drucker, (2000). The importance of information technology ,ISBN 8. Rosenblatt. J Laroche. M. Hochstein. A. Mehlavish. R and Sheahan. M (1998), â€Å"Commercial Banking in Canada: A study Of the selection criteria and service expectations of treasury Officers†, International Journal Of Bank Marketing Vol. ,No. 4, PP. 20-30 9. Website i. Outer Banks website http:/www. outer banks . org. ii. Using. ch website http:/www. using. ch. /org. iii. http://www. statistics. gov. lk iv. http://www. wikipedia. org 16 AUTHOR: M. R. M. FAZMEER 2005/2006 FMC SOUTH EASTERN UNIVERSITY OF SRI LANKA The impact of IT in efficiency and effectiveness of banking sector in Sri Lanka BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Chorofas, D. , Steinman, H. (1991) Expert systems in banking – A guide for senior managers, UK, Macmillian. 2. Gandy, T. , ( Jan. 1996) Big picture, Banking Technology 3.Gardner, P. (1994) Electronic trading – A practical handbook, UK, Butterworth Heninemann 4. Mckenzie, H. , (Mar. 1995) Attack of the hackers, Banking Technology 5. Mills, A. ,( Mar. 1996) At your service, Banking Technology 6. NatWest Group, Perspectives on technology(1995). 7. Norton, J. , Reed, C. , Walden, C. ,(1995) Cross-border electronic banking 8. Websites: i. ii. iii. http://www. wikipdea. org http://www. 123journals. com http:www. emaraldinsight. com 17 AUTHOR: M. R. M. FAZMEER 2005/2006 FMC SOUTH EASTERN UNIVERSITY OF SRI LANKA